Method for manufacturing margarine



Patented July 11,1933

MARVIN c. REYNOLDS, or cn'rcaeo, ILLINOIS METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING MARGARINE No Drawing. Application filed April 9,

My invention relates to a new method of manufacturing margarine. It relates more in particular to a method by means of which margarine can be manufactured much more directly and economically than by methods heretofore employed.

Methods for manufacturing margarine heretofore employed are in general substantially the same throughout theindustry. The

method consists briefly in churning oleaginous media which have been made liquid. by the application of heat, with aqueous media, usually milk, until aliquid emulsion is formed in which the oil and fat ingredients constitute the continuous phase and the aqueous ingredients the disperse phase. This emulsion is then chilled or crystallized by bringing it into contact with a colder medium, for example, a refrigerated drum,

cold water or the, like. This solidifies the emulsion by quickly reducing it to a temperature approaching 35 degrees Fahrenhcit, .or sometimes colder. In this condition the margarine is not sufficiently plastic and its texture and other characteristics are not suitable for uses to which the product is put. The solidified emulsion must-be further worked, but before doing this it is necessaryto raise the temperature by tempering processes, of which processes several are com- I mercially used. Theworking of the mar garine is carried outon variouskindsofequip ment such as so-called table butter workers, corrugated rolls, or other mechanical devices, which are employed to work excessive moisture out of the product, and to knead the crystallized emulsion into a. continuous, butter-like mass. The margarine may then be further kneaded in machines with 2 type agitators, not unlike bread dough mixers, for the purpose of blending in milk, flavor or preserving materials such as salt and sodium benzoate into the product;

The principal object of my present invention is to simplify the manufacture of margarine.

Another obicct is the provision of a margarine manufacturing process which will render one or more of the steps heretofore em- 50 ployed obsolete and unnecessary.

1931. Serial in. 528,984.

Another object is to avoid the churning and emulsifying steps in margarine manufacture, which steps require considerable time, equi ment and floor space and so increase great y the cost of margarine manufacture.

Another object is to lessen the cost of manufacture of the margarine by effecting a saving of materials, principally of milk.

Another object is to improve the flavor while using a smaller amount of milk.

In general my invention consists in directly blending together the oleaginous constituents in compounded and crystallized but plastic form with the aqueous constituents of margarine, usually cultured milk. Other ingredients of margarine can be incorporated at the same time and to obtain the best results I preferably use an improving sub stance. which, in the case of margarine and in the action described, will function as an emulsifying agent.

Other objects and features of the invention will be apparent from a consideration of the following detail description.

In carrying out the invention in a practical commercial way. I select oils and fats suitable to the type of margarine which is to be manu- ,REISSUED- factnred. bring them to a temperature at which they are melted to a clear liquid, crystallize them, as for example on a refrigerated lard roll. temper them to a substantially plastic butstill solid condition and introduce them into suitable blending apparatus such as a kneacing and mixing machine, or margarine blender. or similar piece of equipment. At-

the same time I introduce a suitable amount of cultured milk or other aqueous constituent of the margarine and then operate the apparatus to work the oleaginous and aqueous constituents together by a kneading or mixing action, or an action which Will tend to produce an intimate inter-mixing, oommingling and emulsification of the constituents. During this period the constituents in the apparatns are held at a temperature at which the oleagi'nous ingredients are maintainedin solid but plastic form, and sufficiently but not excessively softfor satisfactory blending.

At the time that theprincipal constituents of the margarine are placed in the working apparatus the usual flavoring and preserv ng materials and other types of materials which it is the intention to incorporate, may also be introduced and worked directly into the emul sion at the same time that the emulsion is formed. These constituents may also be introduced after the emulsion is partially, or after the emulsion is completely formed.

Preferably, I also introduce into the blending apparatus a relatively small amount of a material capable of assisting in the formation of the margarine emulsion under the existing conditions. It will be understood, for example, that a substance which may have to be a true emulsifying agent and which may not assism in forming an emulsion when the substances are in liquid "form may, however, be a very good emulsifying agent under the conditions existing during the practice of the process of the present invention. Among the substances which ll may use for this purpose are so-called anti-spattering materials which function principally in margarine to reduce the spattering thereof during frying. @ther types of substances are fats which have been treated to increase their afinity for water, such fats being sometimes referred to as hydrophyllic lipins. Certain hydrophyllic colloids, such as carbohydrate gums like acacia and tragacanth or pectin may be used to advantage, together with such natural products as egg yolks, brain or nerve tissue, or lecithin extracts prepared from either an animal or vegetable source. The substances referred to are merely illustrative as other substances for assisting in the formation of the emulsion may be employed.

After the emulsion has been made, it can be formed into prints immediately; preferably, with some slight cooling and allowing time to set, as will be understood by those skilled in the art.

I shall now treat more fully of the various steps and the manner in which they are controlled.

The first matter for consideration is the selection of the oleaginous ingredients which are to go into the margarine. t is custommy in the art to employ a mixture of Fats and oils and this can he done readily in my invention. While I may introduce the various fats and oils directly. into the working apparatus, I prefer first to compound the oleaginous materials outside the working apparatus and then introduce the oleaginous constituents in the mixed form. Many different treatments may be used for eiiecting the desired result, but in general it is found most satisfactory to melt the various constituents, mix them thoroughly while in the liquid condition and then cool them to maintain the mixture in a solid or plastic form. For cooling 1 can use a so-called lard roll in which a layer of the mixed fats and oils is deposited continuously onto a revolving reaer'zgeve frigerated drum, and the product scraped from the drum as it'is solidi ed.

Any of the usual formulae maybe used. For animal margarine, for example, I may use olco oil, 40%; neutral lard, and cotabove for example, a satisfactory temperature would be approximately 45 degrees F. lhe vegetable formula given above could best be worked at a temperaturebetvveen and degrees F. Results may he obtained. with these formulae at other temperatures, but approximately the temperatures given will cause the margarine emulsion to be produced with a minimum of working and will produce the most satisfactory product.

The mill; prepared according to any of the customary processes now known. The so-callcd ripening may be attained by using a culture of a lactic acid producing organism. with or Without the presence of other materials. Small amounts of a hydrophillic colloid may be introduced into the milk during the ripening; step for the purpose oi causing the formation of smaller curds than will be obtained by the use of the lactic acid organism alone. Anti-spattering agents may also be introduced into the milk for the purpose of causing the formation of small curds and also for the purpose of making relatively smaller amounts of the anti-spatterer ei'iective to produce the anti-spattering result. In general, a proportion of most of the emulsi- "tying agents can be introduced into the milk and in some cases the total amount of such agents can be introduced into the milk with good results.

The mill: is ripened to the proper stage. usually determined by a test oi the acid content thereof, and is then ready to be introduced into the blending apparatus with the oleaginous materials.

It will be understood that from the standpoint of the method, satisfactory results may be obtained by means of many different types of apparatus as long as the constituents are agitated together in such a way as to bring about a thorough inter-mixing action. Any of the usual kneading and mixing machines on the market are satisfactory for the purpose. A machine of the ordinary type for mixing bread dough, for example, can also Ill;

' Compar- Proporative tlons antiused sputtering [)OWBIS Percent Cliolesteryl ester of betaino hydrobromido 0. 2 100 Potassium pglmltyl suliphate 0. 5 95 r I l U Hit-0J3-CHT;N\ (Carbocholesteroxy) methyl dimethylphenyl-ammonlum bromide 0.2 100 a C a i Mouostearlno sulphoacetate sodium salt, (crude form) 0:5 95 @tearyl dlethylencglycol sulphoacetate, sodium salt" 0. 1 95 ClBls(OH2)14-UHz-OP-OH U. 6 95 O OH I? i Cz7lElmr-U -0--Cl ll2-CHg0-UEe-CH:UPOH l. 0 95 0H (Sinai-771 dlethylonegiyeol dihydrogcn orthophosphete) he used. Apparatus such as the so-called Simplex churn may also be used. in gen eral this form of a oparatus consists of a large rotatable drum within which are supported reciprocally co-acting corrugated rollers spaced adjacent each other and the entire arrangement so disposed that the drum and rollers all rotate at the same time. The usual types of margarine blendcrs can also be used.

According to the preferred method of practicing the invention, when the main oleaginous and aqueous constituents are placed in the working apparatus the substances for assisting in the formation of the emulsion are also lntroduced. It has been shown that some or all of these substances may be introduced into the milk either before or afterthe ripening thereof. Some of these substances can also be introduced and melted or otherwise dispersed in the oleaginousmaterials before introducing the same into the blending apparatus; or the materials in suitable proportions may merely be placed in the lender and the working action of the apparatus depended upon to obtain proper dispersion.

Among the materials adapted for use in the practice of the invention are the antispattering' substances described in atent application, Serial No. 475,622, filed ugust 15,

More specifically the anti-spatt ring agents of the character referred to in liar-iris application comprise chemical compounds having balanced lipophilc and hydrophile groups in which the lipophile .group has at least four carbons. .The lipophile group may be a higher fatty acid radical or any substance with a marked affinity for oils and fats. EX-

l ample compounds, the characteristic radicals of which may constitute the lipophile group, are melissic acid, lauric acid, olcic acid, lauryl alcohol, palmityl alcohol, cholesterol, and the like. All that is necessary is that the group which is designated as the lipophile group have a distinct attraction or affinity for ole.-

aginous substances.

The hydrophile group of the compound is re )resentcd by a radical having a distinct a nity for water, such as the characteristic radicals of phosphoric acid, sulphoacetic acid, sulphonic acid, and the like. It may also comprise a group having a number of l 30, by Benjamin lit. l'larris. These sube stances'are in general chemical compounds having lipophile and hydrophile groups in such a state of balance as to reduce the spattering oi the margarine during tryin A tall disclosure of the manner in which these substances play this role can be had from the application. lit is known that these substances, besidcs acting as anti-spattereres have some yaluees emulsifying agents. In fact some of the compounds which function as anti-spatterers are also very good emulsifying agents and aid very greatly in the formation of the. margarine emulsion. They are water absorbent to some extent and aid in the binding of the moisture in the margarine so asto prevent leaking or weeping thereof.

aqueous constituent of the margarine that during frying the water boils of? slowly and spattering due to violent or rapid vaporiza- 1 tion of the water is avoided.

Another type of compound which can be used with very good results to assist in the formation of the emulsion are the hydrophyllic lipins described in application, Se-

ill)

only 10 to 12% of moisture without the hydrophyllic lipin. These substances are very valuable in the practice of my invention in enabling; me to produce a very satisfactory margarine product in a relatively short time. The compounds identified in the preceding paragraph as hydrophillic lipins contain both lipophile and hydrophile groups, but not in. suhlicient state of balance to prevent one o? the groups dominating and imparting its own characteristic to the molecule as a whole. Such compounds are derivatives of polyhydroiry substances and have the general formula (lttllvllm (@H) w wherein e and 'w" are relatively small whole numbers, X} (OE-l) is a polyhydroxy radical Wit groups (HQ) wherein R is an acyl, alkyl or some other substantially lipophillic group.

Of this class there are two sub-classes containing many important compounds. The first sub-class comprises hydrophillic higher alkyl and acyl derivatives of cilyhydrosy substances which contain more t tan one free OH group but which will not prevent spat tering. More specifically, under this group are the hydrophillic stearic acid esters of polyhydroxy compounds containing more than one free UH group. Of this class, an important compound, particularly adaptable iior use in the present invention, is the monostearic acid ester of glycerol.

The second sub-class of compounds are hydrophillic allryl and acyl derivatives of glycols. These compounds may have only one free @H group or they may have more than one free OH group, but the number of ()H groups should not he suillcient to impart too marked a hydrophillic. character to the molecule. The most important example under this class is monostearyl diethyleneglycol.

Examples of hydrophyllic'lipins which can be used in the practice of my invention are mono-stearic acid ester of glycerine- (monostearyl iglycerol), monopalmitic acid ester of glycero monocetyl ether of glycerol, monomyristyl glycerol, monolauryl glycerol, monomyristyl diethylene glycol, monomelissyl diethylene glycol, monopalmityl glycerol, mono-oleyl diethylene lycol, mono-oleyl diglycerol, mono-oleyl g yoerol, diethylene glycol mono-stearate, 1,6-dilauryl dlglycsibly comers erol, and their equivalents. 1: may also use alkyl and acyl derivatives of sugars such as dextrose, sucrose, and derivatives or mannitol, sorbitol, poly-glycerols and similar hydroxy compounds which have suificient of the hydroxy groups esterified or combined with higher molecular Weight lipophile groups to malts the com ound sufficiently oil Wetting but insuliicienty Water Wetting to balance.

l prefer to use a combination of an antispatterer and hydrophyllic lipin together. A very satisfactory product is a mixture of inonostearine sodium sulpho-acetate and iuonostearine in proportions of approximate ly A of the first and of the latter. The first of these products is an anti-sputtering substance of the kind described in the first of the (so-pending applications referred to above and the monostearine is a hydrophyllic lipin without anti-sputtering properties. l use this mixture in margarine in proportions of about .hjt based upon the final margarine product.

ire hydrophyllic colloids are preferably oi a type capable of imbibing substantial amounts of moisture at room temperature. Vegetable carbohydrate gums, as for example gum acacia or gum tragacantli, are very valuable in this connection. They are introduced into the margarine in such a way as to obtain a thorough distribution or dispersion. l have found that the easiest way of accomplishing this is to partially hydrate the gums before introducing them, using for example some of the milk which will form the aqueous phase of the emulsion. This prevents the colloid "from lumping up and forming relatively large aggregates, which would make it less eii ective as .an emulsifying or moisture imbibing agent. It the margarine manufacturer chooses, he may first mix the gum with a relatively small amount of a nonaqueous dispersing medium such as a liquid oil, glycerine, salt or the like, to facilitate the dispersion of the gum in the aqueous medium. 7

In the use of egg yolks, either natural untreated yolks or prepared yolks may be used. The yolks may be introduced in a number of Ways, and may even be preliminarily dis persed in the milk before the ripening of the milk. This permits the normal lecithin constituents of the yolk to perform an anti-spattering role in the finished margarine, and furthermore, a lesser amount of egg yolk is present than would normally be expected to prevent sputtering.

Brain or nerve tissue is suited to the purpose and may he introduced into the margarine in various ways. It should-first he prepared by thorough washing and treating to remove micro-organism which might poshavea detrimental effect on the margarine, the heavy or stringy portion should llill lli lit)

(Ill

he discarded and the remainder macerated to produce a final product ol pasty consistency which may he, further diluted by the addition of aqueous or oleaginous diluents, Brain and nerve tissue contains substantial proporto he incorporated in the p v obvious reason for this proce was that tions of lipoids suilicient, when the tissue is used in relatively large proportions, to reduce the sputtering of the final margarine product.

Lecithin preparations maybe used alone, but the best results areohtained by employing a relatively small amount of lecithin with other emulsifying agents such as the gums or hvdrophyllic lipins.

Flavoring and preserving' materials are added to the product at any suitable stage in the course of manufacture, or after manufacture of the emulsion has been completed. This product should be introduced, however, in such a way as to obtain a thorough distribution through the entire product. I prefer to operate the blending apparatus for a length of time until the-formation of the emulsion has advanced to a sta e where it is near completion, and thento lntroduce the flavoring and preserving ingredients, after which the blending is continued until the final product is produced. Among the sub stances introduced in this manner are salt and sodium benzoate, which enter into the manufacture of most margarine. Coloring matter also may be introduced at'the same stage and in addition I may introduce substances for increasing the butter flavor and aroma of the margarine, such as the Diketone Products, described in the copending application of Epstein and Harris, Serial #475,634, filed Augustlo, 1930.

When the margarine has heen completely processed to its final stage in the hlending apparatus, it is treated further to tahricate it into suitable prints and is packaged in the customary manner. It may he necessary to chill the product to some slight extent heliore the prints are termed, although in some cases the prints may he termed directly without loss of time, the product passing directly from the hlending apparatus to the printing stage, 'lhose skilled in the art will understand this phase of the manufacture, Without detail description thereof.

There are many advantages in connection with the process hereinabove descrihed. lin the old processes some milk was always lost, as, it a manufacturer wished to produce an article having 14% moisture, for example, he would use in the churn anywhere from 4:0

aced into the margarine on the hotter vro her, l per amour o whose materlals had to he used than WOU...-

expected l the as Water or mill-r was Worhed out of the mar garine, ahout onehaht oi the added or sodium henaoate would be dissolved in this lost millr or Water and would wasted. Since it was impossible to auge hetero-hand the exact amount of salt an sodium henzoate that would he lost in this manner, the exact final percentage of these suhstances in the margarine was never entirel uniform.

In m process I use exact y the amount of milk wllich is to be present in the final product. Instead of working moisture out of the plastic product, the moisture is worked in and all of the milk so introduced is incorporated in the product. Similarly, all of the ingredients added, such as salt and sodium benzoate, are retained. This represents a large saving in materials alone in 9. margarine establishment, and also results in the production of a product, the final constitu cuts of which can be accurately controlled.

I have already referred to the saving in floor space, equipment and labor.

Although I refer to the word margarine throughout, I wish it understood that this term is used in itsbroadest sense to include emulsions of aqueous and oleaginous mateis us ally coneiderahly less I normal commercial. margarine intended for bread.

Altl ugh ll refer to the use Oil the invention with or Without materials for assisting in the formation of the emnl c, i should he borne mind that when the higher per centages ort aqueous materials are to he pres ent, the use of the emulsifying agents are,

preferred. When only a relatively small percentage of aqueous material is used, howto 60% more moisture than he would wish to retain in the final product. This was occasioned by the fact that on the so-called hutever, the invention may he practiced with or withoutthe emulsifying agents, The term blend as used in the claims reters to a working step in which aqueous material is worked into the margarine, as dis tinguished from work, a term used in the industry to refer to a process in which moisture is kneaded or worked out of the margarine.

. What it claim as new desire to pro-- m0 sect by Letters Pawns of the Unitecistatos which comprises introducing into is contsiner a plascic oleaginous constituent, odrlingg thereto so aqueous constisusnt, blending silo oieaginous ingrodicm; mid aqueous constituent togesher in form on emulsion, and odd;- ing thereto roistivoly smsii smouni', of s hydrophiiiic iipin having iipophiis and hydrophiic groups in iiasuiiicient stats of bslsncc 'o oi: the s sit-swing behavior of ains prooiuct.

o1? producing 'iiiorgarizio, .Bcs istrmiucing imo s, commiser s piiflSslfi soginous'comstituont, adding thereto constituent, Mending the olcsginous ingrcoicnt sod aqueous constifimom togsitiisr to form an emulsion, ami miding thereto a minors oi on sntispsisizcring compoumi having bsionced iipophiio and hydrophiis M161 3-, hyrirophiiiic iipim bowing i1 2 opiiilo omi iipopi'iiie groups in an insufficw osisncs to siifecf; the spotter-- ing behaviors of the margarine PI'OC iHCiG.

3. A of prociucing morgsrins, which compris s imioaiucimg' into o cumminci s plastic oTi-csgioous constituent, odciing; thereto on i ucous consiiiueiit, iaici'iciing the oicsginous grcoism; and aqueous coostio ueii't togciziior to form so emulsion, @1161 MM- 'ing iiorsto relatively smsii amount off a mixture of :zionosiessiss soiiium sulpho-ccc fists and sioocsflassryi glycerol.

2-. A ia iil l of producing Zi'ifiigflli a which comprises o mix mro of oils 7 is i as tho oicogx= I tho oiosginoos consihiiausnia is i o1 tho msrgsrinc, said mm sure, treating the mixture 3% siighti sicvstsd temperature to raider time some) sstic, introducing the mixture; into a suiimifie 001ktsincr with a relatively smaller amount oi: an aqueous maicrial and 2. small smount of s mixture of on anii-spsttcring compouni having boisnced lipophiis and. hyoirophilo groups, and; a, hy&r0 hiiiic lipin homing iipo phiis and hydrophi o groups in on msufiicient state of balance to offset the spaticring behavior oi the magazine, imosciing said Historic-1s together to 30am o final pla-sizic msrgsiinc emulsion in which tho oiosginous consfizifzuens is in the continuous 5. A meshed of pro-rinsing margarine which comprises preparing mixture of oiis and fisss soiici at room campers? rs, tress ing the mixture at s slight sis pcroiui'e to render the ssmo pissibic, intros;- ucing the pisstic mixture into a coimisiizos with i'cistivciy smsiioi psoportion oi aqueous constituent, onci o iiyrophiiiic iipm having tho gcnsmi formiiis so v m (0H) wherein Q and it sits oxygen slid iii (irogen isspcctivciy, o so? 136m? tivciy smsii. Wilde numio'rs, {XMUH} s poiyhydi-oxy rsdicsi Wiiii groups (EUH WilGF-Qifi (R) on ocjii, (-11 o some otiioi suiisfisntimliy iipopl kneading (:ho mslcrisis to oil a final plastic msrgoi'in I oiis phsss. in mi css whereoi', I my this 3th day oi 

